Project Metrics Help - Metrics list with reference values

Metrics list with reference values

This page lists the available metrics along with reference values for VB6 code.
See also: Metrics list Metrics list, sorted

Reference values

The statistics in the table were calculated from a reference base of 20 Visual Basic 6.0 projects totaling 707,000 physical lines. These values are provided to be an indication of typical values. They are not meant to be used as benchmarks nor do they represent good, bad or average code. They are provided to give an idea of what kind of ranges the metrics may lie in.

The projects in question are real functional VB6 projects by different authors. They represent different coding styles and application areas. There are both small and large projects included (from 1,825 up to 183,148 lines). Most projects are standard executables but there are also DLL and OCX projects. The projects were analyzed under the following settings: Analyze a single .vbp file, unselect COM files, disable DLL analysis, accept late-bound references.

Notice that as they are all VB6 projects, some metrics are 0. For example, MIF (method inheritance factor) is 0 as there is no method inheritance in VB6.

Interesting findings

Here we have picked up some interesting findings from the analyses of the 20 reference projects. You shouldn't take these values as benchmarks, but as an idea of typical values. According to this data, in the average VB6 project:

There are 70% code lines, 12% comment lines and 17% blank lines. (LLOC%, LLOC'%, LLOW%)
The comment density is 17%, meaning one comment for every 6 code lines. (MCOMM%)
Of all statements, 76% are executable and 24% are declarations. (XQT)
Of all executable statements, 40% are control statements (control flow) and 60% are other executable statements. (CTRL)
There is 15% dead code. (DEAD)
The average variable name is 7.88 characters long, and the average global/module-level variable name is 10.6 characters. (LENV, LENVgm/var)
The average constant name is 13.31 characters long. (LENC)
The average procedure name is 13.55 characters long. (LENP)
55% of names are unique within the program. (UNIQ)
The average enum contains 4.70 constants. (ENUMSZ)
23% of all constants are defined in enums. 77% are regular Consts. (ENUMR)
Live constants are reused 4.19 times on the average (used 5.19 times). (Rc)
The call density is 0.14, meaning that there is a procedure call (an internal procedure call in this case) for every 7 lines of code. (CALLDENS)
The data access density is 0.23, meaning that there is a variable read or write for every 4.3 lines of code. (DATADENS)
Method hiding factor is 0.28, roughly meaning that 28% of class methods are Private. (MHF)
Attribute hiding factor is 0.93, roughly meaning that 93% of class attributes are Private and only 7% are Public. (AHF)
Global I/O ratio is 60%, meaning that 60% of data is passed via global and module-level variables (including class variables) and 40% is passed via parameters. (IOg%)

File metrics

In the average program, we find the following values for the average file:

There are 567.9 lines in a file, not counting form control declarations. (LINES/file)
There are 349.9 statements in a file: 79.8 declarative and 280.1 executable statements. (STMT/file, STMTd/file, STMTx/file)
The average file contains 20.9 procedures, 6.3 variables and 8.1 constants. (PROCS/file, VARS/file, CONSTS/file)
The average file is required by 4.5 files and it depends on 4.7 other files. (SFIN/file, SFOUT/file)

Class metrics

In the average program, we find the following averages for a class. It has to be noted that VB6 is not a fully class-oriented language, so these metrics may be very different for VB.NET.

The average class contains 23.6 methods i.e. subs, functions and property accessors. (WMC/cls)
The average class size is 31.4 (methods + variables) and the class interface size (public and friend methods + variables) is 18.7. (CSZ/cls, CIS/cls)
The average class defines 0.8 events. (EVENTS/cls)
The average class is 680.0 lines and makes 36.4 procedure calls outside its own class. (LINES/cls, MPC/cls)
The average response for a class is 252.8, meaning that so many procedures can potentially execute when all methods of the class are called. (RFC'/cls)
The average class is not cohesive. Average LCOM4 is 3.5, when >=2 is the bad class limit. Non-cohesive classes should be split. (LCOM4/cls)
Classes implement 0.1 interfaces on the average, meaning one Implements statement for each 10 classes. (IMPL/cls)
The average cyclomatic complexity of a class is 56.6. This equals 1 + the number of decisions made by the class. (TCC/cls)

Procedure metrics

In the average program, we find the following averages for a procedure:

The average procedure contains 29.9 lines, 18.1 code lines and 18.2 statements. (LINES/proc, LLOC/proc, STMT/proc)
The average procedure contains 2.9 meaningful comments (containing some text). (MCOMM/proc)
The average procedure defines 1.1 local variables. (VARSloc/proc)
There are 0.9 procedure parameters on the average. (PARAMS/proc)
The average procedure reads or returns 1.0 parameters, when the function return value counts as one parameter. (IOp/proc)
The average procedure accesses 1.5 external variables (global and module-level). (IOg/proc)
Cyclomatic complexity is 3.6 on the average. (CC/proc)
When Boolean operators are counted as decisions, cyclomatic complexity raises up to 3.9. (CC2/proc)
When Select Cases are treated as one decision instead of many, cyclomatic complexity drops down to 3.3. (CC3/proc)
The average depth of conditional nesting is 0.9. (DCOND/proc)
The average depth of loop nesting is 0.2. (DLOOP/proc)
The average procedure is called by 1.4 procedures and it calls 1.5 other procedures. (SFIN/proc, SFOUT/proc)

Variable metrics

In the average program, the average variable has the following metrics (global and module-level variables, no locals):

The average variable is read 9.6 times. (READS/var)
The average variable is written 4.0 times. (WRITES/var)
The average variable is used by 1.4 modules. (VARUSR/var)

Interpreting the data

The data in the table below are given for the 20 projects mentioned above. Average is the average of project-level averages. Min is the minimum average, Max is the maximum average among those 20 projects. The Outliers column displays limits outside which the averages can be considered exceptional. When the column displays "-", no exceptional values were found.

Example: PROCS/file. This example shows how to interpret the data in the table below. For each file in project A, count the number of procedures. Take the average of these counts. It is the PROCS/file metric for project A. — Do the same for all the 20 projects. Suppose you get values such as {67.7, 9.0, 22.2, 13.9, ...}.

The minimum PROCS/file is 9.0 and the maximum PROCS/file is 67.7. These are the minimum and maximum project-level averages. — Note: They are not the smallest and largest file! The largest file could well have over 200 procedures and the minimum could be as low as 0.

The average LINES/file is 567.9. This is an average of averages. — Note: It is not the average of all the 2000 files analyzed. It is the average of the 20 averages.

The Outliers column (>48.0) indicates that projects having in excess of 48.0 PROCS/file are exceptional among these 20 projects. In these projects the average file size is much larger than in the other projects. Note that the Outliers limit is calculated from the data currently at hand. With other projects you will get another limit.

In this case there is no lower outlier limit, so all PROCS/file values are considered normal in this data. There could be a lower outlier limit, though. Suppose it was <5.0. In such a project the average file would be exceptionally small.

Metrics list with reference values

Project metric	Name	Average	Min	Max	Outliers	Description
DATE	Project date	3.5.02	30.11.98	11.11.05	-	Date of newest file in project.
LINES	Physical lines	35,355	1,825	183,148	>122,957	Physical source lines, including code, comments, empty comments and empty lines. This metric is what you would see with a simple text editor or line count program.
LLINES	Logical lines	33,720	1,680	178,074	>119,248	Logical source lines, including code, comments, empty comments and empty lines. One logical line may be split on several physical lines by a line continuation character. LLINES=LLOC + LLOC' + LLOW
LLOC	Logical lines of code	21,263	1,152	107,569	>70,522	Code lines count. One logical line may be split on several physical lines by a line continuation character.
LLOC'	Logical lines of comment	5,970	119	52,947	>14,819	Comment lines count. All full-line comments count, even if empty. End-of-codeline comments not included. One logical line may be split on several physical lines by a line continuation character.
LLOW	Logical lines of whitespace	6,487	287	39,292	>28,735	Logical lines of whitespace. This is mostly equal to physical lines of whitespace, that is lines that have no other content than spaces, tabs and the line continuation character.
LLOC%	Code percentage	70%	23%	92%	<31%	Percentage of code lines. Counted from logical lines. LLOC%=LLOC/LLINES
LLOC'%	Comment percentage	12%	0.83%	30%	-	Percentage of comment lines. Counted as full-line comments per logical lines. LLOC'%=LLOC/LLINES
LLOW%	Whitespace percentage	17%	1.90%	72%	>34%	Percentage of whitespace lines. Counted from logical lines. LLOW%=LLOW/LLINES
MCOMM	Meaningful comments	5,172	162	48,867	>14,000	Full-line and end-of-line comments that have meaningful content.
MCOMM%	Comment density	17%	1.61%	45%	>44%	Meaningful comments divided by number of logical lines of code. MCOMM%=MCOMM/LLOC
kB	Project size	1612.2	64	7,649	>4,333	Project size in kilobytes. Includes all source files included in the analysis, excluding referenced files.
DATEF	Average file date	2.8.01	6.6.98	10.4.05	-	Average file date.
STMT	Number of statements	21525.7	1,171	108,941	>70,613	Total number of all statements.
STMTd	Declarative statements	4598.3	379	26,028	>10,620	Number of declarative statements, which are are: procedure headers, variable and constant declarations, all statements outside procedures.
STMTx	Executable statements	16927.4	792	82,913	>52,708	Number of executable statements. A statement is executabe if it is not declarative. Executable statements can only exist within procedures. STMTx=STMT-STMTd
STMTc	Control statements	6698.6	313	32,394	>21,970	Number of control statements. A control statement is an executable statement that can alter the order in which statements are executed.
STMTnc	Non-control statements	10228.9	479	50,519	>26,478	Number of non-control statements, which are executable statements that are neither control nor declarative statements. STMTnc=STMTx-STMTc
XQT	Executability	76%	59%	92%	-	Executability measures the amount of executable statements. It equals the number of executable statements divided by the number of all statements. XQT=STMTx/STMT
CTRL	Control density	40%	29%	53%	-	Control density measures the amount of control statements. It equals the number of control statements divided by the number of all executable statements. CTRL=STMTc/STMTx
FILES	Number of files	104.3	18	291	-	Number of files in project.
PROCS	Number of procedures	1164.1	97	5,640	>3,039	Number of procedures, including subs, functions, property blocks, API declarations and events.
VARS	Number of variables	2796.2	186	17,561	>5,926	Number of variables, including arrays, parameters and local variables.
CONSTS	Number of consts	408.0	0	2,164	>1,236	Number of constants, excluding enum constants.
UDTS	Number of user-defined types	19.0	0	118	>47	Number of user-defined types, that is, Type and/or Structure statements.
ENUMS	Number of Enums	23.0	0	104	>90	Number of enumeration names.
ENUMCS	Number of Enum constants	166.1	0	1,019	>720	Number of enumeration constant names.
VARSgm	Global and module-level variables	358.5	8	1,502	>1,076	Total number of global and module-level variables and arrays.
VARSloc	Local variables	1264.9	65	9,364	>2,450	Total number of procedure local variables and arrays, excluding parameters.
FORMS	Number of forms	27.3	0	82	-	Number of real forms excluding any usercontrols.
MDLS	Number of standard modules	14.6	0	77	>43	Number of standard modules: .bas files and Module blocks.
dPROCS	Number of dead procedures	264.0	0	1,373	>1,144	Number of unused procedures.
dVARS	Number of dead variables	203.1	1	1,324	>600	Number of unused variables.
dCONSTS	Number of dead consts	139.0	0	812	>386	Number of unused constants.
dLINES	Dead lines	4799.2	0	19,702	-	Physical lines in dead procedures.
DEAD	Deadness index	15%	0.06%	47%	>23%	Evaluates the average percentage of dead code. DEAD=(dPROCS + dVARS + dCONSTS) / (PROCS + VARS + CONSTS)
LEN	Length of names	9.86	7.4	14.6	>14.4	Average length of names defined in VB files, including everything in LENV, LENC and LENP, plus Types, Enums, Type fields, Enum constants, controls, classes, structures and modules.
LENV	Length of variable and parameter names	7.88	4.9	11.8	-	Average length of names of variables, arrays and parameters defined in VB files, excluding parameters in event handlers and implementing procedures.
LENC	Length of constant names	13.31	0.0	26.2	-	Average length of all constant names defined in VB files.
LENP	Length of procedure names	13.55	10.0	16.6	-	Average length of procedure names defined in VB files, excluding event handlers and implementing procedures. Each property is counted only once. This metric may differ from the other LENP, which is defined for a slighly different set of procedures.
UNIQ	Name uniqueness ratio	55%	24%	88%	<36%, >74%	Number of unique names divided by the total number of names. All the names in LEN are counted.
ENUMSZ	Average Enum size	4.70	0.0	15.0	-	Average number of constants in an Enum block. ENUMSZ=ENUMCS/ENUMS
ENUMR	Enum ratio	23%	0%	90%	-	The percentage of Enum constants among all constants. ENUMR=ENUMCS/(ENUMCS+CONSTS)
DECDENS	Decision density	0.20	0.14	0.25	-	Indicates the density of decision statements in the code. Calculated as sum of procedural cyclomatic complexity divided by logical lines of code. DECDENS=Sum(CC)/LLOC
TCC	Total cyclomatic complexity	2939.7	141	14,817	>8,441	Total cyclomatic complexity equals the total number of decisions + 1. TCC=Sum(CC)-Count(CC)+1
SYSC	System complexity	34679.9	151	343,267	>113,625	Sum of SYSC over all procedures. Measures the total complexity of a project. SYSC=Sum(SYSC) over all procedures
RSYSC	Relative system complexity	18.15	1.5	62.2	>48.8	Average system complexity among procedures. RSYSC=avg(SYSC)
CALLS	Number of procedure calls	4169.3	46	38,598	>8,292	Number of procedure call statements, including calls to subs, functions and declares, accesses to properties and the raising of events. Implicit calls (such as Form_Load) are not counted.
CALLDENS	Call density	0.14	0.02	0.36	-	Average number of calls on a code line. Measures the modularity or structuredness. CALLDENS=CALLS/LLOC
maxDCALLT	Maximum depth of call tree	14.1	2	76	>32	The depth of the largest call tree in the system: number of levels in the tree. maxDCALLT=Max(DCALLT)
maxSCALLT	Maximum size of call tree	391.8	4	3,217	>980	The size of the largest call tree in the system: number of distinct procedures in the tree. maxSCALLT=Max(SCALLT)
RB	Reuse benefit	0.49	0.08	0.80	-	Reuse benefit RB is the extent to which you reuse your procedures. A procedure that is being called at several locations is said to be reused. A procedure that is called just once or not at all is not reused. RB measures the overall amount of reuse in the entire system.
Rc	Reuse of constants	4.19	0.53	25.64	>11.19	The average number of times you reuse your constants and enum constants. Rc=uses/count - 1
CLS	Number of classes	28.1	1	94	>81	Number of classes defined in project.
ROOTS	Number of root classes	28.1	1	94	>81	Number of root classes defined in project.
LEAFS	Number of root classes	28.1	1	94	>81	Number of leaf classes defined in project. A leaf class has no descendants.
INTERFS	Number of Interface definitions	0.0	0	0	-	Number of Interfaces defined in project.
maxDIT	Maximum depth of inheritance tree	0.0	0	0	-	maxDIT is the depth of the deepest inheritance tree. maxDIT=max(DIT)
CLSa	Number of abstract classes	0.3	0	3	>0	Number of abstract classes defined in project. In VB.NET, an abstract class is declared MustOverride. In VB Classic, it's a skeleton class that defines an interface class for Implements.
CLSc	Number of concrete classes	27.9	1	94	>81	Number of concrete classes defined in project. A concrete class is one that is not abstract (see CLSa). CLSc=CLS-CLSa
U	Reuse ratio	0.00	0.00	0.00	-	Reuse ratio for classes. A class is reused if it has descendants. U=(CLS - LEAFS) / CLS
S	Specialization ratio	0.00	0.0	0.0	-	Specialization ratio for classes. A class is specialized if it inherits from a parent class. In a project without superclasses, S is undefined. S=subclasses/superclasses
MIF	Method inheritance factor	0.00	0.00	0.00	-	The sum of inherited methods divided by the total number of methods in a project.
AIF	Attribute inheritance factor	0.00	0.00	0.00	-	The sum of inherited variables divided by the total number of variables in a project.
MHF	Method hiding factor	0.28	0.07	0.77	>0.75	Measures how class methods are hidden from other classes.
AHF	Attribute hiding factor	0.93	0.41	1.00	<0.92	Measures how class attributes (variables) are hidden from other classes.
PF	Polymorphism factor	0.00	0.00	0.00	-	Percentage of actual polymorphic definitions of all possible polymorphic definitions. Also known as POF.
CF	Coupling factor	0.14	0.01	0.50	>0.45	Measures the actual couplings among classes in relation to the maximum number of possible couplings. Also known as COF.
OHEF	Operation hiding effectiveness factor	0.06	0.00	0.43	>0.16	Classes that do access operations / Classes that can access operations.
AHEF	Attribute hiding effectiveness factor	0.48	0.02	1.63	>1.58	Classes that do access attributes / Classes that can access attributes.
IIF	Internal inheritance factor	0.00	0.00	0.00	-	The relative amount of internal inheritance. Internal inheritance happens when a class inherits another class in the same system (not an external class).
PPF	Parametric polymorphism factor	0.00	0.00	0.00	-	Percentage of parametrized classes (generic classes).
TREADS	Total variable reads	4069.5	75	24,068	>7,254	Number of read instructions from global and module-level variables. TREADS=Sum(READS)
TWRITES	Total variable writes	1564.2	53	8,466	>3,515	Number of write instructions to global and module-level variables. TWRITES=Sum(WRITES)
TRW	Total variable reads+writes	5633.7	132	32,534	>10,666	Number of reads from and writes to global and module-level variables. TRW=TREADS+TWRITES
DATADENS	Data access density	0.23	0.07	0.76	>0.61	Average number of variable access instructions per logical line of code. DATADENS=TRW/LLOC
IOg%	Global I/O ratio	60%	36%	94%	-	Amount of data flow via global and module-level variables versus procedure parameters and function return values. IOg%=Sum(IOg) / Sum(IOg+IOp)
File average	Name	Average	Min	Max	Outliers	Description
LINES/file	Physical lines	567.9	152.1	1236.0	-	Physical source lines, including code, comments, empty comments and empty lines. This metric is what you would see with a simple text editor or line count program.
LLINES/file	Logical lines	539.4	140.0	1217.9	-	Logical source lines, including code, comments, empty comments and empty lines. One logical line may be split on several physical lines by a line continuation character. LLINES=LLOC + LLOC' + LLOW
LLOC/file	Logical lines of code	355.9	96.0	904.1	-	Code lines count. One logical line may be split on several physical lines by a line continuation character.
LLOC'/file	Logical lines of comment	71.4	1.7	233.2	-	Comment lines count. All full-line comments count, even if empty. End-of-codeline comments not included. One logical line may be split on several physical lines by a line continuation character.
LLOW/file	Logical lines of whitespace	112.1	7.6	873.2	>261.2	Logical lines of whitespace. This is mostly equal to physical lines of whitespace, that is lines that have no other content than spaces, tabs and the line continuation character.
LLOC%/file	Code percentage	67%	34%	92%	<37%	Percentage of code lines. Counted from logical lines. LLOC%=LLOC/LLINES
LLOC'%/file	Comment percentage	11%	0.50%	28%	-	Percentage of comment lines. Counted as full-line comments per logical lines. LLOC'%=LLOC/LLINES
LLOW%/file	Whitespace percentage	22%	2%	59%	>45%	Percentage of whitespace lines. Counted from logical lines. LLOW%=LLOW/LLINES
MCOMM/file	Meaningful comments	62.7	2.7	215.3	-	Full-line and end-of-line comments that have meaningful content.
MCOMM%/file	Comment density	22%	1.16%	92%	>62%	Meaningful comments divided by number of logical lines of code. MCOMM%=MCOMM/LLOC
kB/file	File size	25.2	5.4	57.8	-	File size in kilobytes.
DATEF/file	File date	2.8.01	6.6.98	10.4.05	-	File date.
PROCS/file	Number of procedures	20.9	9.0	67.7	>48.0	Number of procedures, including subs, functions, property blocks, API declarations and events.
VARS/file	Number of variables	6.3	1.1	17.8	-	Number of variables, including arrays, parameters and local variables.
CONSTS/file	Number of consts	8.1	0.0	41.0	>31.6	Number of constants, excluding enum constants.
SFIN/file	Structural fan-in	4.5	1.6	11.3	-	Number of files that use a file.
SFOUT/file	Structural fan-out	4.7	1.9	11.4	-	Number of files that a file uses.
STMT/file	Number of statements	359.9	97.6	924.0	-	Total number of all statements.
STMTd/file	Declarative statements	79.8	25.9	264.3	>225.3	Number of declarative statements, which are are: procedure headers, variable and constant declarations, all statements outside procedures.
STMTx/file	Executable statements	280.1	66.0	661.9	-	Number of executable statements. A statement is executabe if it is not declarative. Executable statements can only exist within procedures. STMTx=STMT-STMTd
STMTc/file	Control statements	115.3	26.1	346.6	>319.9	Number of control statements. A control statement is an executable statement that can alter the order in which statements are executed.
STMTnc/file	Non-control statements	164.8	39.9	462.1	-	Number of non-control statements, which are executable statements that are neither control nor declarative statements. STMTnc=STMTx-STMTc
XQT/file	Executability	62%	46%	78%	-	Executability measures the amount of executable statements. It equals the number of executable statements divided by the number of all statements. XQT=STMTx/STMT
CTRL/file	Control density	31%	20%	43%	-	Control density measures the amount of control statements. It equals the number of control statements divided by the number of all executable statements. CTRL=STMTc/STMTx
Class average	Name	Average	Min	Max	Outliers	Description
WMC/cls	Weighted Methods Per Class	23.6	1.0	55.8	>55.0	Number of subs, functions and property procedures in class.
DIT/cls	Depth of Inheritance Tree	0.0	0.0	0.0	-	Number of ancestor classes.
NOC/cls	Number of Children	0.0	0.0	0.0	-	Number of immediate sub-classes that inherit from a class.
CBO/cls	Coupling between Object Classes	3.8	0.0	17.0	>9.8	Number of classes to which a class is coupled. Coupling is defined as method call or variable access.
RFC/cls	Response for a Class First step	38.3	1.0	85.2	-	Number of methods that can potentially be executed in response to a message received a class. Counts only the first level of the call tree.
RFC'/cls	Response for a Class	252.8	1.0	2429.7	>278.3	Number of methods that can potentially be executed in response to a message received a class. Counts the full call tree.
LCOM1/cls	Lack of Cohesion of Methods (1)	582.7	0.0	4046.8	>1311.3	A zero value indicates a cohesive class. A positive value indicates a class that should be split. Also known as LCOM. Defined by Chidamber & Kemerer.
LCOM2/cls	Lack of Cohesion of Methods (2)	0.59	0.00	0.83	-	The percentage of methods that do not access a specific attribute averaged over all attributes in the class.
LCOM3/cls	Lack of Cohesion of Methods (3)	0.66	0.00	1.00	<0.05	Also known as LCOM*. Defined by Henderson-Sellers. Values of 1 and greater are considered extreme lack of cohesion.
LCOM4/cls	Lack of Cohesion of Methods (4)	3.5	1.0	6.0	-	Defined by Hitz & Montazeri. Value 1 indicates a good, cohesive class. Values 2 and greater are considered bad (lack of cohesion). Such a class should be split. LCOM4 is more suitable for VB than the other LCOMx variants.
TCCi/cls	Tight Class Cohesion	0.58	0.00	1.00	<0.09	TCCi is 'TCC with inheritance'. TCC tells the connection density of the methods in a class. TCC varies from 0 (totally non-cohesive) to 1 (maximally cohesive).
LCCi/cls	Loose Class Cohesion	0.71	0.00	1.00	<0.11	LCCi is 'LCC with inheritance'. LCC describes the connectedness of the methods in a class. LCC<1 indicates a non-cohesive class. LCC=1 indicates a cohesive class."
TCCl/cls	Tight Class Cohesion (local)	0.58	0.00	1.00	<0.09	TCCl is 'TCC without inheritance'. TCC tells the connection density of the methods in a class. TCC varies from 0 (totally non-cohesive) to 1 (maximally cohesive).
LCCl/cls	Loose Class Cohesion (local)	0.71	0.00	1.00	<0.11	LCCl is 'LCC without inheritance'. LCC describes the connectedness of the methods in a class. LCC<1 indicates a non-cohesive class. LCC=1 indicates a cohesive class."
MPC/cls	Message-Passing Coupling	36.4	0.0	112.1	-	Number of procedure calls going outside of a class. Each call is counted once, whether it's early bound, late bound or polymorphic.
LINES/cls	Physical lines	680.0	34.0	1772.0	-	Physical source lines, including code, comments, empty comments and empty lines. This metric is what you would see with a simple text editor or line count program.
LLINES/cls	Logical lines	644.0	34.0	1745.6	-	Logical source lines, including code, comments, empty comments and empty lines. One logical line may be split on several physical lines by a line continuation character. LLINES=LLOC + LLOC' + LLOW
LLOC/cls	Logical lines of code	376.3	19.0	1010.0	-	Code lines count. One logical line may be split on several physical lines by a line continuation character.
LLOC'/cls	Logical lines of comment	98.5	4.2	460.0	>230.6	Comment lines count. All full-line comments count, even if empty. End-of-codeline comments not included. One logical line may be split on several physical lines by a line continuation character.
LLOW/cls	Logical lines of whitespace	169.3	5.0	1424.2	>330.9	Logical lines of whitespace. This is mostly equal to physical lines of whitespace, that is lines that have no other content than spaces, tabs and the line continuation character.
STMT/cls	Number of statements	378.1	19.0	1024.8	-	Total number of all statements.
STMTd/cls	Declarative statements	96.9	7.0	269.8	>261.5	Number of declarative statements, which are are: procedure headers, variable and constant declarations, all statements outside procedures.
STMTx/cls	Executable statements	281.2	12.0	755.0	-	Number of executable statements. A statement is executabe if it is not declarative. Executable statements can only exist within procedures. STMTx=STMT-STMTd
STMTc/cls	Control statements	128.3	9.0	398.8	-	Number of control statements. A control statement is an executable statement that can alter the order in which statements are executed.
STMTnc/cls	Non-control statements	152.9	3.0	356.2	-	Number of non-control statements, which are executable statements that are neither control nor declarative statements. STMTnc=STMTx-STMTc
XQT/cls	Executability	61%	43%	87%	>85%	Executability measures the amount of executable statements. It equals the number of executable statements divided by the number of all statements. XQT=STMTx/STMT
CTRL/cls	Control density	38%	22%	75%	>62%	Control density measures the amount of control statements. It equals the number of control statements divided by the number of all executable statements. CTRL=STMTc/STMTx
IMPL/cls	Implemented interfaces	0.1	0.0	1.0	>0.5	Number of interfaces implemented by class.
WMCnp/cls	Non-private methods defined by class	18.2	0.0	46.5	>38.8	WMC excluding private methods.
WMCi/cls	Methods defined and inherited by class	23.6	1.0	55.8	>55.0	WMC including inherited methods.
VARS/cls	Variables defined by class	7.7	0.0	20.7	<2.1, >11.8	Number of variables defined by class. Does not include inherited variables.
VARSnp/cls	Non-private variables	0.5	0.0	4.3	>0.6	Number of non-private variables defined by class. VARS excluding private variables.
VARSi/cls	Variables defined+inherited	7.7	0.0	20.7	<2.1, >11.8	Number of variables defined and inherited by class.
EVENTS/cls	Events	0.8	0.0	5.0	>2.8	Events defined by class. This metric coutns the event definitions, not event handlers.
CTORS/cls	Constructors	0.0	0.0	0.0	-	Constructors defined by class. VB.NET Sub New is a constructor, whereas VB Classic Class_Initialize is an event.
CSZ/cls	Class size	31.4	1.0	76.5	>63.6	Size of class measured by number of methods and variables. CSZ=WMC + VARS
CIS/cls	Class interface size	18.7	0.0	46.8	>40.9	Size of class interface measured by number of non-private methods and variables. CIS=WMCnp + VARSnp
TCC/cls	Total cyclomatic complexity	56.6	4.0	176.3	-	Total cyclomatic complexity equals the total number of decisions + 1. TCC=Sum(CC)-Count(CC)+1
Procedure average	Name	Average	Min	Max	Outliers	Description
LINES/proc	Physical lines	29.9	10.0	86.5	>61.9	Physical source lines, including code, comments, empty comments and empty lines. This metric is what you would see with a simple text editor or line count program.
LLINES/proc	Logical lines	28.6	9.9	86.0	>59.0	Logical source lines, including code, comments, empty comments and empty lines. One logical line may be split on several physical lines by a line continuation character. LLINES=LLOC + LLOC' + LLOW
LLOC/proc	Logical lines of code	18.1	8.7	48.2	>35.8	Code lines count. One logical line may be split on several physical lines by a line continuation character.
LLOC'/proc	Logical lines of comment	3.7	0.2	24.1	>7.9	Comment lines count. All full-line comments count, even if empty. End-of-codeline comments not included. One logical line may be split on several physical lines by a line continuation character.
LLOW/proc	Logical lines of whitespace	6.8	0.2	57.1	>15.4	Logical lines of whitespace. This is mostly equal to physical lines of whitespace, that is lines that have no other content than spaces, tabs and the line continuation character.
MCOMM/proc	Meaningful comments	2.9	0.3	11.3	>8.5	Full-line and end-of-line comments that have meaningful content.
LLOCt/proc	Lines in call tree	2,333	16	42,835	>646	Logical lines of code in call tree. The number of lines that may potentially execute in a call to this procedure. Includes all procedures that may execute.
PARAMS/proc	Procedure parameters	0.9	0.3	1.9	-	Number of formal parameters defined in procedure header.
VARSloc/proc	Local variables	1.1	0.1	2.6	>2.4	Number of procedure local variables and arrays, excluding parameters.
STMT/proc	Number of statements	18.2	9.0	48.1	>36.1	Total number of all statements.
STMTd/proc	Declarative statements	3.0	2.1	4.4	>4.1	Number of declarative statements, which are are: procedure headers, variable and constant declarations, all statements outside procedures.
STMTx/proc	Executable statements	15.2	6.4	46.0	>29.2	Number of executable statements. A statement is executabe if it is not declarative. Executable statements can only exist within procedures. STMTx=STMT-STMTd
STMTc/proc	Control statements	6.0	2.5	15.2	>13.7	Number of control statements. A control statement is an executable statement that can alter the order in which statements are executed.
STMTnc/proc	Non-control statements	9.3	4.0	30.8	>17.2	Number of non-control statements, which are executable statements that are neither control nor declarative statements. STMTnc=STMTx-STMTc
XQT/proc	Executability	62%	47%	76%	-	Executability measures the amount of executable statements. It equals the number of executable statements divided by the number of all statements. XQT=STMTx/STMT
CTRL/proc	Control density	25%	12%	37%	-	Control density measures the amount of control statements. It equals the number of control statements divided by the number of all executable statements. CTRL=STMTc/STMTx
IOg/proc	Global I/O	1.5	0.6	4.4	>3.2	Number of global and module-level variables accessed by a procedure.
IOp/proc	Parameter I/O	1.0	0.2	2.2	-	Number of parameters used or returned by a procedure. The function return value counts as one parameter (output parameter).
IOvars/proc	Input and output variables	2.5	0.9	4.7	-	Total number of input and output variables for a procedure, including parameters and function return value. IOvars=IOg+IOp
IFIN/proc	Informational fan-in	3.4	1.0	5.6	-	Amount of data read.
IFOUT/proc	Informational fan-out	2.2	0.6	4.2	-	Amount of data written.
IFIO/proc	Informational fan-in x fan-out	15.9	1.3	58.8	>47.9	Fan-in multiplied by fan-out. IFIO=IFIN*IFOUT
IC1/proc	Informational complexity	2,731	45	33,147	>5,561	Fan-in multiplied by fan-out multiplied by procedure length (logical lines of code). IC1=IFIO*LLOC
CC/proc	Cyclomatic complexity	3.6	2.2	7.8	>6.3	McCabe cyclomatic complexity equals the number of execution paths through a procedure. Also known as V(C).
CC2/proc	Cyclomatic complexity with Booleans	3.9	2.2	8.6	>6.6	CC2 equals the regular CC metric but each Boolean operator within a branching statement causes complexity to increase by one. Also called Extended cyclomatic complexity (ECC).
CC3/proc	Cyclomatic complexity without Cases	3.3	2.0	7.0	>6.3	CC3 equals the regular CC metric, but each Select Case block is counted as one branch, not as multiple branches.
DCOND/proc	Depth of conditional nesting	0.9	0.6	1.5	-	Maximum number of nested conditional statements in a procedure.
DLOOP/proc	Depth of looping	0.2	0.1	0.3	-	Maximum number of nested loop statements in a procedure.
DCALLT/proc	Depth of call tree	3.8	0.3	39.9	>8.0	Maximum number of nested procedure calls from a procedure. Recursive calls are not counted.
SCALLT/proc	Size of call tree	101.8	0.4	1835.4	>52.9	Number of distinct procedures in the call tree of a procedure, not counting the procedure itself.
SC/proc	Structural complexity	16.8	0.4	61.2	>48.7	Measures the external complexity of a procedure. Equals the number of other procedures called squared. Defined by Card & Agresti, also known as S(i). Used to calculate SYSC. SC=SFOUT^2
DC/proc	Data complexity	1.38	0.65	2.85	>2.62	Measures the internal complexity of a procedure. Calculated by dividing the number of input/output variables by SFOUT+1. Defined by Card & Agresti, also known as D(i). Used to calculate SYSC. DC=IOVariables/(SFOUT+1)
SYSC/proc	System complexity	18.15	1.55	62.19	>48.79	Composite measure of complexity inside procedures and between them. Defined by Card & Agresti, also known as C(i), or design complexity. SYSC=SC+DC
LENP/proc	Length of procedure name	14.5	10.5	18.7	-	Length of procedure name in characters.
SFIN/proc	Structural fan-in	1.4	0.2	3.5	-	Number of procedures that call a procedure.
SFOUT/proc	Structural fan-out	1.5	0.3	3.5	-	Number of procedures that a procedure calls.
Variable average	Name	Average	Min	Max	Outliers	Description
READS/var	Reads from variable	9.6	3.1	21.7	-	Number of read instructions from variable.
WRITES/var	Writes to variable	4.0	1.4	11.9	>8.1	Number of write instructions to variable.
RW/var	Reads and writes	13.6	4.6	33.6	-	Number of reads and writes. A single instruction may count both as a read and as a write. RW=READS+WRITES
FLOWS/var	Data flows	1320.8	12.9	23033.6	>678.0	Number of data flows into and out of a variable. FLOWS=READS*WRITES
VARUSR/var	Variable users	1.4	1.0	2.7	-	Number of modules that use a variable.
LENVgm/var	Length of variable name	10.6	6.4	15.8	-	Length of variable name in characters.

Project metric

Name

Average

Min

Max

Outliers

Description

DATE

Project date

3.5.02

30.11.98

11.11.05

Date of newest file in project.

LINES

Physical lines

35,355

1,825

183,148

>122,957

Physical source lines, including code, comments, empty comments and empty lines. This metric is what you would see with a simple text editor or line count program.

LLINES

Logical lines

33,720

1,680

178,074

>119,248

Logical source lines, including code, comments, empty comments and empty lines. One logical line may be split on several physical lines by a line continuation character. LLINES=LLOC + LLOC' + LLOW

LLOC

Logical lines of code

21,263

1,152

107,569

>70,522

Code lines count. One logical line may be split on several physical lines by a line continuation character.

LLOC'

Logical lines of comment

5,970

119

52,947

>14,819

Comment lines count. All full-line comments count, even if empty. End-of-codeline comments not included. One logical line may be split on several physical lines by a line continuation character.

LLOW

Logical lines of whitespace

6,487

287

39,292

>28,735

Logical lines of whitespace. This is mostly equal to physical lines of whitespace, that is lines that have no other content than spaces, tabs and the line continuation character.

LLOC%

Code percentage

70%

23%

92%

<31%

Percentage of code lines. Counted from logical lines. LLOC%=LLOC/LLINES

LLOC'%

Comment percentage

12%

0.83%

30%

Percentage of comment lines. Counted as full-line comments per logical lines. LLOC'%=LLOC/LLINES

LLOW%

Whitespace percentage

17%

1.90%

72%

>34%

Percentage of whitespace lines. Counted from logical lines. LLOW%=LLOW/LLINES

MCOMM

Meaningful comments

5,172

162

48,867

>14,000

Full-line and end-of-line comments that have meaningful content.

MCOMM%

Comment density

17%

1.61%

45%

>44%

Meaningful comments divided by number of logical lines of code. MCOMM%=MCOMM/LLOC

Project size

1612.2

7,649

>4,333

Project size in kilobytes. Includes all source files included in the analysis, excluding referenced files.

DATEF

Average file date

2.8.01

6.6.98

10.4.05

Average file date.

STMT

Number of statements

21525.7

1,171

108,941

>70,613

Total number of all statements.

STMTd

Declarative statements

4598.3

379

26,028

>10,620

Number of declarative statements, which are are: procedure headers, variable and constant declarations, all statements outside procedures.

STMTx

Executable statements

16927.4

792

82,913

>52,708

Number of executable statements. A statement is executabe if it is not declarative. Executable statements can only exist within procedures. STMTx=STMT-STMTd

STMTc

Control statements

6698.6

313

32,394

>21,970

Number of control statements. A control statement is an executable statement that can alter the order in which statements are executed.

STMTnc

Non-control statements

10228.9

479

50,519

>26,478

Number of non-control statements, which are executable statements that are neither control nor declarative statements. STMTnc=STMTx-STMTc

XQT

Executability

76%

59%

92%

Executability measures the amount of executable statements. It equals the number of executable statements divided by the number of all statements. XQT=STMTx/STMT

CTRL

Control density

40%

29%

53%

Control density measures the amount of control statements. It equals the number of control statements divided by the number of all executable statements. CTRL=STMTc/STMTx

FILES

Number of files

104.3

291

Number of files in project.

PROCS

Number of procedures

1164.1

5,640

>3,039

Number of procedures, including subs, functions, property blocks, API declarations and events.

VARS

Number of variables

2796.2

186

17,561

>5,926

Number of variables, including arrays, parameters and local variables.

CONSTS

Number of consts

408.0

2,164

>1,236

Number of constants, excluding enum constants.

UDTS

Number of user-defined types

19.0

118

>47

Number of user-defined types, that is, Type and/or Structure statements.

ENUMS

Number of Enums

23.0

104

>90

Number of enumeration names.

ENUMCS

Number of Enum constants

166.1

1,019

>720

Number of enumeration constant names.

VARSgm

Global and module-level variables

358.5

1,502

>1,076

Total number of global and module-level variables and arrays.

VARSloc

Local variables

1264.9

9,364

>2,450

Total number of procedure local variables and arrays, excluding parameters.

FORMS

Number of forms

27.3

Number of real forms excluding any usercontrols.

MDLS

Number of standard modules

14.6

>43

Number of standard modules: .bas files and Module blocks.

dPROCS

Number of dead procedures

264.0

1,373

>1,144

Number of unused procedures.

dVARS

Number of dead variables

203.1

1,324

>600

Number of unused variables.

dCONSTS

Number of dead consts

139.0

812

>386

Number of unused constants.

dLINES

Dead lines

4799.2

19,702

Physical lines in dead procedures.

DEAD

Deadness index

15%

0.06%

47%

>23%

Evaluates the average percentage of dead code. DEAD=(dPROCS + dVARS + dCONSTS) / (PROCS + VARS + CONSTS)

LEN

Length of names

9.86

7.4

14.6

>14.4

Average length of names defined in VB files, including everything in LENV, LENC and LENP, plus Types, Enums, Type fields, Enum constants, controls, classes, structures and modules.

LENV

Length of variable and parameter names

7.88

4.9

11.8

Average length of names of variables, arrays and parameters defined in VB files, excluding parameters in event handlers and implementing procedures.

LENC

Length of constant names

13.31

0.0

26.2

Average length of all constant names defined in VB files.

LENP

Length of procedure names

13.55

10.0

16.6

Average length of procedure names defined in VB files, excluding event handlers and implementing procedures. Each property is counted only once. This metric may differ from the other LENP, which is defined for a slighly different set of procedures.

UNIQ

Name uniqueness ratio

55%

24%

88%

<36%, >74%

Number of unique names divided by the total number of names. All the names in LEN are counted.

ENUMSZ

Average Enum size

4.70

0.0

15.0

Average number of constants in an Enum block. ENUMSZ=ENUMCS/ENUMS

ENUMR

Enum ratio

23%

90%

The percentage of Enum constants among all constants. ENUMR=ENUMCS/(ENUMCS+CONSTS)

DECDENS

Decision density

0.20

0.14

0.25

Indicates the density of decision statements in the code. Calculated as sum of procedural cyclomatic complexity divided by logical lines of code. DECDENS=Sum(CC)/LLOC

TCC

Total cyclomatic complexity

2939.7

141

14,817

>8,441

Total cyclomatic complexity equals the total number of decisions + 1. TCC=Sum(CC)-Count(CC)+1

SYSC

System complexity

34679.9

151

343,267

>113,625

Sum of SYSC over all procedures. Measures the total complexity of a project. SYSC=Sum(SYSC) over all procedures

RSYSC

Relative system complexity

18.15

1.5

62.2

>48.8

Average system complexity among procedures. RSYSC=avg(SYSC)

CALLS

Number of procedure calls

4169.3

38,598

>8,292

Number of procedure call statements, including calls to subs, functions and declares, accesses to properties and the raising of events. Implicit calls (such as Form_Load) are not counted.

CALLDENS

Call density

0.14

0.02

0.36

Average number of calls on a code line. Measures the modularity or structuredness. CALLDENS=CALLS/LLOC

maxDCALLT

Maximum depth of call tree

14.1

>32

The depth of the largest call tree in the system: number of levels in the tree. maxDCALLT=Max(DCALLT)

maxSCALLT

Maximum size of call tree

391.8

3,217

>980

The size of the largest call tree in the system: number of distinct procedures in the tree. maxSCALLT=Max(SCALLT)

Reuse benefit

0.49

0.08

0.80

Reuse benefit RB is the extent to which you reuse your procedures. A procedure that is being called at several locations is said to be reused. A procedure that is called just once or not at all is not reused. RB measures the overall amount of reuse in the entire system.

Reuse of constants

4.19

0.53

25.64

>11.19

The average number of times you reuse your constants and enum constants. Rc=uses/count - 1

CLS

Number of classes

28.1

>81

Number of classes defined in project.

ROOTS

Number of root classes

28.1

>81

Number of root classes defined in project.

LEAFS

Number of root classes

28.1

>81

Number of leaf classes defined in project. A leaf class has no descendants.

INTERFS

Number of Interface definitions

0.0

Number of Interfaces defined in project.

maxDIT

Maximum depth of inheritance tree

0.0

maxDIT is the depth of the deepest inheritance tree. maxDIT=max(DIT)

CLSa

Number of abstract classes

0.3

Number of abstract classes defined in project. In VB.NET, an abstract class is declared MustOverride. In VB Classic, it's a skeleton class that defines an interface class for Implements.

CLSc

Number of concrete classes

27.9

>81

Number of concrete classes defined in project. A concrete class is one that is not abstract (see CLSa). CLSc=CLS-CLSa

Reuse ratio

0.00

Reuse ratio for classes. A class is reused if it has descendants. U=(CLS - LEAFS) / CLS

Specialization ratio

0.00

0.0

Specialization ratio for classes. A class is specialized if it inherits from a parent class. In a project without superclasses, S is undefined. S=subclasses/superclasses

MIF

Method inheritance factor

0.00

The sum of inherited methods divided by the total number of methods in a project.

AIF

Attribute inheritance factor

0.00

The sum of inherited variables divided by the total number of variables in a project.

MHF

Method hiding factor

0.28

0.07

0.77

>0.75

Measures how class methods are hidden from other classes.

AHF

Attribute hiding factor

0.93

0.41

1.00

<0.92

Measures how class attributes (variables) are hidden from other classes.

Polymorphism factor

0.00

Percentage of actual polymorphic definitions of all possible polymorphic definitions. Also known as POF.

Coupling factor

0.14

0.01

0.50

>0.45

Measures the actual couplings among classes in relation to the maximum number of possible couplings. Also known as COF.

OHEF

Operation hiding effectiveness factor

0.06

0.00

0.43

>0.16

Classes that do access operations / Classes that can access operations.

AHEF

Attribute hiding effectiveness factor

0.48

0.02

1.63

>1.58

Classes that do access attributes / Classes that can access attributes.

IIF

Internal inheritance factor

0.00

The relative amount of internal inheritance. Internal inheritance happens when a class inherits another class in the same system (not an external class).

PPF

Parametric polymorphism factor

0.00

Percentage of parametrized classes (generic classes).

TREADS

Total variable reads

4069.5

24,068

>7,254

Number of read instructions from global and module-level variables. TREADS=Sum(READS)

TWRITES

Total variable writes

1564.2

8,466

>3,515

Number of write instructions to global and module-level variables. TWRITES=Sum(WRITES)

TRW

Total variable reads+writes

5633.7

132

32,534

>10,666

Number of reads from and writes to global and module-level variables. TRW=TREADS+TWRITES

DATADENS

Data access density

0.23

0.07

0.76

>0.61

Average number of variable access instructions per logical line of code. DATADENS=TRW/LLOC

IOg%

Global I/O ratio

60%

36%

94%

Amount of data flow via global and module-level variables versus procedure parameters and function return values. IOg%=Sum(IOg) / Sum(IOg+IOp)

File average

Name

Average

Min

Max

Outliers

Description

LINES/file

Physical lines

567.9

152.1

1236.0

Physical source lines, including code, comments, empty comments and empty lines. This metric is what you would see with a simple text editor or line count program.

LLINES/file

Logical lines

539.4

140.0

1217.9

Logical source lines, including code, comments, empty comments and empty lines. One logical line may be split on several physical lines by a line continuation character. LLINES=LLOC + LLOC' + LLOW

LLOC/file

Logical lines of code

355.9

96.0

904.1

Code lines count. One logical line may be split on several physical lines by a line continuation character.

LLOC'/file

Logical lines of comment

71.4

1.7

233.2

Comment lines count. All full-line comments count, even if empty. End-of-codeline comments not included. One logical line may be split on several physical lines by a line continuation character.

LLOW/file

Logical lines of whitespace

112.1

7.6

873.2

>261.2

Logical lines of whitespace. This is mostly equal to physical lines of whitespace, that is lines that have no other content than spaces, tabs and the line continuation character.

LLOC%/file

Code percentage

67%

34%

92%

<37%

Percentage of code lines. Counted from logical lines. LLOC%=LLOC/LLINES

LLOC'%/file

Comment percentage

11%

0.50%

28%

Percentage of comment lines. Counted as full-line comments per logical lines. LLOC'%=LLOC/LLINES

LLOW%/file

Whitespace percentage

22%

59%

>45%

Percentage of whitespace lines. Counted from logical lines. LLOW%=LLOW/LLINES

MCOMM/file

Meaningful comments

62.7

2.7

215.3

Full-line and end-of-line comments that have meaningful content.

MCOMM%/file

Comment density

22%

1.16%

92%

>62%

Meaningful comments divided by number of logical lines of code. MCOMM%=MCOMM/LLOC

kB/file

File size

25.2

5.4

57.8

File size in kilobytes.

DATEF/file

File date

2.8.01

6.6.98

10.4.05

File date.

PROCS/file

Number of procedures

20.9

9.0

67.7

>48.0

Number of procedures, including subs, functions, property blocks, API declarations and events.

VARS/file

Number of variables

6.3

1.1

17.8

Number of variables, including arrays, parameters and local variables.

CONSTS/file

Number of consts

8.1

0.0

41.0

>31.6

Number of constants, excluding enum constants.

SFIN/file

Structural fan-in

4.5

1.6

11.3

Number of files that use a file.

SFOUT/file

Structural fan-out

4.7

1.9

11.4

Number of files that a file uses.

STMT/file

Number of statements

359.9

97.6

924.0

Total number of all statements.

STMTd/file

Declarative statements

79.8

25.9

264.3

>225.3

Number of declarative statements, which are are: procedure headers, variable and constant declarations, all statements outside procedures.

STMTx/file

Executable statements

280.1

66.0

661.9

Number of executable statements. A statement is executabe if it is not declarative. Executable statements can only exist within procedures. STMTx=STMT-STMTd

STMTc/file

Control statements

115.3

26.1

346.6

>319.9

Number of control statements. A control statement is an executable statement that can alter the order in which statements are executed.

STMTnc/file

Non-control statements

164.8

39.9

462.1

Number of non-control statements, which are executable statements that are neither control nor declarative statements. STMTnc=STMTx-STMTc

XQT/file

Executability

62%

46%

78%

Executability measures the amount of executable statements. It equals the number of executable statements divided by the number of all statements. XQT=STMTx/STMT

CTRL/file

Control density

31%

20%

43%

Control density measures the amount of control statements. It equals the number of control statements divided by the number of all executable statements. CTRL=STMTc/STMTx

Class average

Name

Average

Min

Max

Outliers

Description

WMC/cls

Weighted Methods Per Class

23.6

1.0

55.8

>55.0

Number of subs, functions and property procedures in class.

DIT/cls

Depth of Inheritance Tree

0.0

Number of ancestor classes.

NOC/cls

Number of Children

0.0

Number of immediate sub-classes that inherit from a class.

CBO/cls

Coupling between Object Classes

3.8

0.0

17.0

>9.8

Number of classes to which a class is coupled. Coupling is defined as method call or variable access.

RFC/cls

Response for a Class First step

38.3

1.0

85.2

Number of methods that can potentially be executed in response to a message received a class. Counts only the first level of the call tree.

RFC'/cls

Response for a Class

252.8

1.0

2429.7

>278.3

Number of methods that can potentially be executed in response to a message received a class. Counts the full call tree.

LCOM1/cls

Lack of Cohesion of Methods (1)

582.7

0.0

4046.8

>1311.3

A zero value indicates a cohesive class. A positive value indicates a class that should be split. Also known as LCOM. Defined by Chidamber & Kemerer.

LCOM2/cls

Lack of Cohesion of Methods (2)

0.59

0.00

0.83

The percentage of methods that do not access a specific attribute averaged over all attributes in the class.

LCOM3/cls

Lack of Cohesion of Methods (3)

0.66

0.00

1.00

<0.05

Also known as LCOM*. Defined by Henderson-Sellers. Values of 1 and greater are considered extreme lack of cohesion.

LCOM4/cls

Lack of Cohesion of Methods (4)

3.5

1.0

6.0

Defined by Hitz & Montazeri. Value 1 indicates a good, cohesive class. Values 2 and greater are considered bad (lack of cohesion). Such a class should be split. LCOM4 is more suitable for VB than the other LCOMx variants.

TCCi/cls

Tight Class Cohesion

0.58

0.00

1.00

<0.09

TCCi is 'TCC with inheritance'. TCC tells the connection density of the methods in a class. TCC varies from 0 (totally non-cohesive) to 1 (maximally cohesive).

LCCi/cls

Loose Class Cohesion

0.71

0.00

1.00

<0.11

LCCi is 'LCC with inheritance'. LCC describes the connectedness of the methods in a class. LCC<1 indicates a non-cohesive class. LCC=1 indicates a cohesive class."

TCCl/cls

Tight Class Cohesion (local)

0.58

0.00

1.00

<0.09

TCCl is 'TCC without inheritance'. TCC tells the connection density of the methods in a class. TCC varies from 0 (totally non-cohesive) to 1 (maximally cohesive).

LCCl/cls

Loose Class Cohesion (local)

0.71

0.00

1.00

<0.11

LCCl is 'LCC without inheritance'. LCC describes the connectedness of the methods in a class. LCC<1 indicates a non-cohesive class. LCC=1 indicates a cohesive class."

MPC/cls

Message-Passing Coupling

36.4

0.0

112.1

Number of procedure calls going outside of a class. Each call is counted once, whether it's early bound, late bound or polymorphic.

LINES/cls

Physical lines

680.0

34.0

1772.0

Physical source lines, including code, comments, empty comments and empty lines. This metric is what you would see with a simple text editor or line count program.

LLINES/cls

Logical lines

644.0

34.0

1745.6

Logical source lines, including code, comments, empty comments and empty lines. One logical line may be split on several physical lines by a line continuation character. LLINES=LLOC + LLOC' + LLOW

LLOC/cls

Logical lines of code

376.3

19.0

1010.0

Code lines count. One logical line may be split on several physical lines by a line continuation character.

LLOC'/cls

Logical lines of comment

98.5

4.2

460.0

>230.6

Comment lines count. All full-line comments count, even if empty. End-of-codeline comments not included. One logical line may be split on several physical lines by a line continuation character.

LLOW/cls

Logical lines of whitespace

169.3

5.0

1424.2

>330.9

Logical lines of whitespace. This is mostly equal to physical lines of whitespace, that is lines that have no other content than spaces, tabs and the line continuation character.

STMT/cls

Number of statements

378.1

19.0

1024.8

Total number of all statements.

STMTd/cls

Declarative statements

96.9

7.0

269.8

>261.5

Number of declarative statements, which are are: procedure headers, variable and constant declarations, all statements outside procedures.

STMTx/cls

Executable statements

281.2

12.0

755.0

Number of executable statements. A statement is executabe if it is not declarative. Executable statements can only exist within procedures. STMTx=STMT-STMTd

STMTc/cls

Control statements

128.3

9.0

398.8

Number of control statements. A control statement is an executable statement that can alter the order in which statements are executed.

STMTnc/cls

Non-control statements

152.9

3.0

356.2

Number of non-control statements, which are executable statements that are neither control nor declarative statements. STMTnc=STMTx-STMTc

XQT/cls

Executability

61%

43%

87%

>85%

Executability measures the amount of executable statements. It equals the number of executable statements divided by the number of all statements. XQT=STMTx/STMT

CTRL/cls

Control density

38%

22%

75%

>62%

Control density measures the amount of control statements. It equals the number of control statements divided by the number of all executable statements. CTRL=STMTc/STMTx

IMPL/cls

Implemented interfaces

0.1

0.0

1.0

>0.5

Number of interfaces implemented by class.

WMCnp/cls

Non-private methods defined by class

18.2

0.0

46.5

>38.8

WMC excluding private methods.

WMCi/cls

Methods defined and inherited by class

23.6

1.0

55.8

>55.0

WMC including inherited methods.

VARS/cls

Variables defined by class

7.7

0.0

20.7

<2.1, >11.8

Number of variables defined by class. Does not include inherited variables.

VARSnp/cls

Non-private variables

0.5

0.0

4.3

>0.6

Number of non-private variables defined by class. VARS excluding private variables.

VARSi/cls

Variables defined+inherited

7.7

0.0

20.7

<2.1, >11.8

Number of variables defined and inherited by class.

EVENTS/cls

Events

0.8

0.0

5.0

>2.8

Events defined by class. This metric coutns the event definitions, not event handlers.

CTORS/cls

Constructors

0.0

Constructors defined by class. VB.NET Sub New is a constructor, whereas VB Classic Class_Initialize is an event.

CSZ/cls

Class size

31.4

1.0

76.5

>63.6

Size of class measured by number of methods and variables. CSZ=WMC + VARS

CIS/cls

Class interface size

18.7

0.0

46.8

>40.9

Size of class interface measured by number of non-private methods and variables. CIS=WMCnp + VARSnp

TCC/cls

Total cyclomatic complexity

56.6

4.0

176.3

Total cyclomatic complexity equals the total number of decisions + 1. TCC=Sum(CC)-Count(CC)+1

Procedure average

Name

Average

Min

Max

Outliers

Description

LINES/proc

Physical lines

29.9

10.0

86.5

>61.9

Physical source lines, including code, comments, empty comments and empty lines. This metric is what you would see with a simple text editor or line count program.

LLINES/proc

Logical lines

28.6

9.9

86.0

>59.0

Logical source lines, including code, comments, empty comments and empty lines. One logical line may be split on several physical lines by a line continuation character. LLINES=LLOC + LLOC' + LLOW

LLOC/proc

Logical lines of code

18.1

8.7

48.2

>35.8

Code lines count. One logical line may be split on several physical lines by a line continuation character.

LLOC'/proc

Logical lines of comment

3.7

0.2

24.1

>7.9

Comment lines count. All full-line comments count, even if empty. End-of-codeline comments not included. One logical line may be split on several physical lines by a line continuation character.

LLOW/proc

Logical lines of whitespace

6.8

0.2

57.1

>15.4

Logical lines of whitespace. This is mostly equal to physical lines of whitespace, that is lines that have no other content than spaces, tabs and the line continuation character.

MCOMM/proc

Meaningful comments

2.9

0.3

11.3

>8.5

Full-line and end-of-line comments that have meaningful content.

LLOCt/proc

Lines in call tree

2,333

42,835

>646

Logical lines of code in call tree. The number of lines that may potentially execute in a call to this procedure. Includes all procedures that may execute.

PARAMS/proc

Procedure parameters

0.9

0.3

1.9

Number of formal parameters defined in procedure header.

VARSloc/proc

Local variables

1.1

0.1

2.6

>2.4

Number of procedure local variables and arrays, excluding parameters.

STMT/proc

Number of statements

18.2

9.0

48.1

>36.1

Total number of all statements.

STMTd/proc

Declarative statements

3.0

2.1

4.4

>4.1

Number of declarative statements, which are are: procedure headers, variable and constant declarations, all statements outside procedures.

STMTx/proc

Executable statements

15.2

6.4

46.0

>29.2

Number of executable statements. A statement is executabe if it is not declarative. Executable statements can only exist within procedures. STMTx=STMT-STMTd

STMTc/proc

Control statements

6.0

2.5

15.2

>13.7

Number of control statements. A control statement is an executable statement that can alter the order in which statements are executed.

STMTnc/proc

Non-control statements

9.3

4.0

30.8

>17.2

Number of non-control statements, which are executable statements that are neither control nor declarative statements. STMTnc=STMTx-STMTc

XQT/proc

Executability

62%

47%

76%

Executability measures the amount of executable statements. It equals the number of executable statements divided by the number of all statements. XQT=STMTx/STMT

CTRL/proc

Control density

25%

12%

37%

Control density measures the amount of control statements. It equals the number of control statements divided by the number of all executable statements. CTRL=STMTc/STMTx

IOg/proc

Global I/O

1.5

0.6

4.4

>3.2

Number of global and module-level variables accessed by a procedure.

IOp/proc

Parameter I/O

1.0

0.2

2.2

Number of parameters used or returned by a procedure. The function return value counts as one parameter (output parameter).

IOvars/proc

Input and output variables

2.5

0.9

4.7

Total number of input and output variables for a procedure, including parameters and function return value. IOvars=IOg+IOp

IFIN/proc

Informational fan-in

3.4

1.0

5.6

Amount of data read.

IFOUT/proc

Informational fan-out

2.2

0.6

4.2

Amount of data written.

IFIO/proc

Informational fan-in x fan-out

15.9

1.3

58.8

>47.9

Fan-in multiplied by fan-out. IFIO=IFIN*IFOUT

IC1/proc

Informational complexity

2,731

33,147

>5,561

Fan-in multiplied by fan-out multiplied by procedure length (logical lines of code). IC1=IFIO*LLOC

CC/proc

Cyclomatic complexity

3.6

2.2

7.8

>6.3

McCabe cyclomatic complexity equals the number of execution paths through a procedure. Also known as V(C).

CC2/proc

Cyclomatic complexity with Booleans

3.9

2.2

8.6

>6.6

CC2 equals the regular CC metric but each Boolean operator within a branching statement causes complexity to increase by one. Also called Extended cyclomatic complexity (ECC).

CC3/proc

Cyclomatic complexity without Cases

3.3

2.0

7.0

>6.3

CC3 equals the regular CC metric, but each Select Case block is counted as one branch, not as multiple branches.

DCOND/proc

Depth of conditional nesting

0.9

0.6

1.5

Maximum number of nested conditional statements in a procedure.

DLOOP/proc

Depth of looping

0.2

0.1

0.3

Maximum number of nested loop statements in a procedure.

DCALLT/proc

Depth of call tree

3.8

0.3

39.9

>8.0

Maximum number of nested procedure calls from a procedure. Recursive calls are not counted.

SCALLT/proc

Size of call tree

101.8

0.4

1835.4

>52.9

Number of distinct procedures in the call tree of a procedure, not counting the procedure itself.

SC/proc

Structural complexity

16.8

0.4

61.2

>48.7

Measures the external complexity of a procedure. Equals the number of other procedures called squared. Defined by Card & Agresti, also known as S(i). Used to calculate SYSC. SC=SFOUT^2

DC/proc

Data complexity

1.38

0.65

2.85

>2.62

Measures the internal complexity of a procedure. Calculated by dividing the number of input/output variables by SFOUT+1. Defined by Card & Agresti, also known as D(i). Used to calculate SYSC. DC=IOVariables/(SFOUT+1)

SYSC/proc

System complexity

18.15

1.55

62.19

>48.79

Composite measure of complexity inside procedures and between them. Defined by Card & Agresti, also known as C(i), or design complexity. SYSC=SC+DC

LENP/proc

Length of procedure name

14.5

10.5

18.7

Length of procedure name in characters.

SFIN/proc

Structural fan-in

1.4

0.2

3.5

Number of procedures that call a procedure.

SFOUT/proc

Structural fan-out

1.5

0.3

3.5

Number of procedures that a procedure calls.

Variable average

Name

Average

Min

Max

Outliers

Description

READS/var

Reads from variable

9.6

3.1

21.7

Number of read instructions from variable.

WRITES/var

Writes to variable

4.0

1.4

11.9

>8.1

Number of write instructions to variable.

RW/var

Reads and writes

13.6

4.6

33.6

Number of reads and writes. A single instruction may count both as a read and as a write. RW=READS+WRITES

FLOWS/var

Data flows

1320.8

12.9

23033.6

>678.0

Number of data flows into and out of a variable. FLOWS=READS*WRITES

VARUSR/var

Variable users

1.4

1.0

2.7

Number of modules that use a variable.

LENVgm/var

Length of variable name

10.6

6.4

15.8

Length of variable name in characters.